The Cellamare Conspiracy: A Twisted Plot in the Heart of 18th Century France

In the early 18th century, amidst the opulent courts and shadowy politics of Europe, a conspiracy took shape that aimed to reshape the power dynamics of France and Spain. Known as the Cellamare Conspiracy of 1718, this intricate plot sought to unseat Philippe d'Orléans, the Regent of France, and replace him with Philip V of Spain. The mastermind behind this daring plan was none other than Antonio del Giudice, the Prince of Cellamare, who served as the Spanish Ambassador to the French Court.

Background to a Grand Scheme

The seeds of the conspiracy were sown in 1715, a year marked by the death of Louis XIV, the Sun King, whose reign had cast a long shadow over Europe. His successor, the young Louis XV, was merely five years old, and thus under the guardianship of Philippe d'Orléans, a man deeply entwined with the late king's family as both his nephew and son-in-law. It was during this Regency that Antonio del Giudice arrived in France, representing Spanish interests.

Philippe d'Orléans, whose authority was the target of the plot, had made moves that worried neighboring Spain. Urged on by Guillaume Dubois, France's Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the nation formed the Quadruple Alliance with Great Britain, the Netherlands, and the Holy Roman Empire. This alliance aimed to prevent a personal union between France and Spain, a union that could arise if young Louis XV were to die prematurely. Such a scenario would allow Philip V of Spain, an uncle to Louis XV who had occupied the Spanish throne since 1700 following Charles II's death, to potentially lay claim to the French mantle. The Treaty of Utrecht, signed in April 1713, had explicitly forbidden this, with Philip's acceptance.

The Conspirators and Their Plot

Driven by ambition and resentment, the Prince of Cellamare, with the support of the Spanish Court, hatched a plan to depose Philippe d'Orléans. They intended to install Philip V as the regent for his young nephew, Louis XV. This plot garnered the backing of some of Philippe d'Orléans's staunchest adversaries, notably Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine, and his wife, Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon. Louise, in her determination to see her husband rise to power, had initiated correspondence with Giulio Alberoni, the influential Spanish Prime Minister and favorite of Queen Elisabeth Farnese of Spain.

The intrigue deepened within the duchess's circle, with the involvement of key figures such as Melchior de Polignac and the dashing Duke of Richelieu. Richelieu, entangled in a romantic liaison with Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, one of the Regent's daughters, added another layer of complexity to the conspiracy. The memoirs of the duchess's lady-in-waiting, Baroness de Staal, reveal that the Duke and Duchess of Maine even contemplated summoning the États généraux to legitimize their claim.

The Unraveling of the Conspiracy

The conspirators' meticulous plans began to unravel when correspondence between Louise Bénédicte and Alberoni was intercepted by the vigilant French police. Upon learning of the plot, Philippe d'Orléans acted decisively. On December 9, 1718, Antonio del Giudice, the Prince of Cellamare, was arrested and summarily deported back to Spain. Alberoni met a similar fate, being detained in Poitiers on December 5. The duchess found herself exiled to the city of Dijon, while her husband faced imprisonment in the fortress of Doullens in Picardy. Richelieu, caught in the crossfire of his romantic and political entanglements, was incarcerated in the Bastille, where he received a secretive visit from his lover, Charlotte Aglaé, who was disguised to avoid detection.

Despite the severity of their actions, the conspirators faced leniency in the end. By 1720, all those implicated in the Cellamare Conspiracy were pardoned and permitted to return to their previous lives. However, the diplomatic fallout was profound. France declared war on Spain on January 9, 1719, following a similar declaration by Great Britain on December 27, 1718.

The Legacy of the Conspiracy

The Cellamare Conspiracy, though ultimately a failure, left an indelible mark on European politics. Its objectives were resurrected two years later in the Pontcallec Conspiracy, albeit with dire consequences for its leaders, four of whom were executed.

Notes

• Philippe d'Orléans had married his first cousin, Françoise Marie de Bourbon, in 1692. She was the legitimized daughter of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan.
• Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon was the sister-in-law of Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, the youngest sister of the Duke of Maine.
• Guillaume Dubois held the position of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs during the Polysynody from 1715 to 1718.

Sources

For further details, the original information can be found in the French Wikipedia article on the Cellamare Conspiracy.